Without even looking at your match history, I can tell you one reason climbing will be hard: you're a support main.
Supports are super strong and impactful, for sure, but the game is rarely determined by who had the better support.
Let's put it this way: if all roles had an equal impact and equal skill expression, your skill would be the deciding factor in ~1/10 games, because there are 9 other random people. Only 1/10 games will live or die on your gameplay, and it will therefore take something like 10 times as many games as you would expect to end up where you belong.
The system is tuned to judge your success on a very large scale, any other way would be unfair. So the main thing you gotta do is keep playing, until the sheer volume of games outpaces the variance of a random 10-person game. That's one reason I've moved to trying to get gold in 3s first, I have a much bigger impact on the result of the game.
If you're determined to escape bronze in Summoner's Rift, and to keep playing passive supports, there are a couple of things you can do to expedite the process independently of just getting better at the game:
- Mediate conflicts. Don't take up a lot of air-space, and don't go off on people to the point that they hate you too, but I've found even just saying "Hey just mute each other and let's try to win this" can make a big difference. Experiment, and figure out what works the best - you aren't trying to create a life-long friendship, just trying to get them to shut up long enough for the game to end.
- Shot-call and coordinate. I know shot-calling can be super frustrating when nobody is listening, but your job isn't to get them to listen. Your job is to A. try to communicate information someone might have missed (jungler location, roaming, cooldowns, objective timers, etc) and B. Try to get everyone on the same page about what the next team play is, even if it isn't your favorite. It's easy enough to piggyback someone else's call and give it increased weight so your team isn't splitting 50/50 on what to do. If your team is listening to you, and I seem to be lucky with that, direct them to the cleanest most fool-proof strategy, and don't shut up about it. Reinforce what's happening at each step so people don't split up or get confused.
- Take credit for mistakes and give credit for good plays, even if it's a lie. People might yell at you more if you apologize, but they'll also focus less on what went wrong in the past and more in coordinating better in the future. Giving other people credit for successes also helps keep them off tilt, it's 100% worth it.
3b. If you can tell someone is tilting, try especially hard to throw them a bone. Tank half your hp to freeze a wave for them, save a buff for them, give them extra credit for any minor contribution as long as it actually mattered - a little bit can go a long way to generate good will and clear someone's mind. We've all been tilted before, even the little things help.
And then if course the most effective but hardest:, get someone to play with you so you're 2/10 of the game instead of 1/10. Doubles your climb speed.
If you want more advice on macro and mechanical play, lemme know - leaning how to read lines of minion pressure and how to cleanly end a game when ahead also worked wonders for my climb. Otherwise, good luck!