Look at the mini map. Honestly getting in the habit of this is really difficult at first, but if you can be the eyes for your team, you might just save someone's life. If you see the jungler, ping the location. If you see someone going to gank top, Danger ping on top of your top laner. If your ADC is clearing a wave bot with no wards and all enemies missing, danger ping them. Yeah, you might be wrong and everything turns out fine, like your top laner is Illaoi who just hits 6 and double kills the people coming to gank her, or your ADC is fine because the enemy team is just sitting mid doing nothing. That said though, it's better to warn people and be wrong than think they know better and be wrong.
Ping near your teammates. More often than not I've had games where we are fighting bot lane, my mid laner pings missing, and then leaves the lane. Since we are fighting I don't hear that ping because I'm too busy trying to keep track of what summoners they used, what abilities are up, who we should target, along with positioning, dodging skills, and many more things. Then, shortly after, the enemy mid laner shows up finally and I'm looking at chat to see that one ping from our midlaner. So, instead of just ? pinging your lane, danger ping near other people when your laners are gone. Yeah, the enemy Bard may roam mid when he leaves lane, so instead of just ? pinging your lane, danger ping mid a few times. Again, it's better to be wrong about potential danger than not say anything at all. Do this during team fights as well. If you see your top laner fighting the enemy top, but you see the jungler approaching, danger ping him.
Target ping the priority people. During team fights, people lose track of who to hit sometimes. I've had teamfights where our Jax is trying to kill the enemy Maokai while Jinx is off to the side slowing murdering Jax. Pinging the Jinx might make Jax realize that Jinx is the easier target. That doesn't always work, but it's something you can try to do to focus your team.
You have to know your playstyle, because playing something that makes sense for you will be easier to climb with. Due to having many all AD comps, I started playing Brand support a lot. I got really good at Brand because of that. However, that also means that I suck with engage tanks like Leona because I'm more comfortable poking from range than trusting some random person to follow up my engage. With that in mind, I tend to play champions that can sit back and poke from range instead of playing something that doesn't make sense to me.
CC is key, and preferably CC on a basic ability. Someone like Lulu, Nami, Janna, Thresh, Leona, etc are good picks because if you happen to miss your CC, you have it back up in a few seconds. The downside to champions like this is that they don't do much damage and rely heavily on someone to do something while you CC them. Brand, Zyra, Vel'Koz, and Lux offer some CC, but have more potential to carry so long as you play them well. That said, most ADCs prefer traditional supports because they expect AP supports not to defend them or to KS. That and they tend to have CC on longer cooldowns than tradition support champs, so missing it is much more punishing. That said though, CC can win you games simply by preventing someone from participating in a fight.
Poke is okay. With the right items and keystones, the enemy can basically ignore all your poke even without a sustain support. Sona's poke doesn't feel as good as it used to due to Fleet footwork, Overheal, Second Wind, and Doran's Shield. If you want to have meaningful poke, you need to know who to hit and also hit hard. If the ADC takes Doran's Shield, you are better off trying to poke out the enemy support since they will run out of potions. Obviously if you think you and your ADC can all in, then feel free to kill whoever, but if you are just throwing out 1 ability and then waiting on cooldowns, you need to make it good.
Learn how people will play or outplay you. Playing Blitzcrank and you hook Ezreal only to have him E out of it. Ok, one way to counter this is just walk at him until he E's, then hook after. As Brand, I tend to walk at people, hit E, throw Q, and then follow up on the stun with my W, so that I do the most damage possible. Against an Ezreal though, I will use E but hold my Q and force him to decide. If he uses his E badly, I get essential a free stun and followup or possibly his flash. And this trick works even in Gold so long as you choose the right moments to do it. As Nami against Yi, wait till he uses Q, then throw your Q on whoever he jumped to. Yi needs to use his Q to dodge stuff, but most lower elo Yis use it as a gapcloser, which makes your job of landing that skill shot easier. Yasuo will go through minions to try and catch you in a lane, so if you throw a Zyra snare or other straight line CC abilities (Morg Q, Lux Q, Thresh Q, etc) through the minions, it will most likely catch him. When Zed ults, he will appear on the opposite side of the person from where he started. You can draw a straight line from his ult shadow to your champion, and know he will always appear on the opposite side of you. With that knowledge, you know where to throw your CC. Or even better, just play Soraka and drop a Silence under the person he ults and watch him scramble to do anything.
Remember it's just a game and try not to stress out about it. Yeah, your teammates suck. I had a game where my ADC was something like 1/15 because they kept getting hit by Ezreal Qs. Some Q's I question hitting, but there were other times where my ADC is in a side lane split pushing without wards. There are games you can't win because your teammates are just bad, so try not to let those get to you. Not tilting is very important in this game.
Build some defensive items. I had a game as Sona vs Zed and Shaco, so I built ROA. It a ton of gold to put into defensive stats, but being a squishy Sona vs their comp would just make me a sitting duck. After that, I built Ardent and Redemption like usual. It put me way behind gold wise, but I survived them attempting to kill me, so it worked out since they weren't getting fed off the squishy support. Yeah, ideally an ADC should go full squish and build all damage items, but that only works if there is a tanky champion to soak damage for them. If there are no tanks, like in most low elo games, then building some defensive stats will help you all survive that much longer. I'm not saying rush ROA on every support you play, but if you are against some heavy assassin comp, getting HP and defensive stats might just keep you alive long enough for your team to at least get the return kill.
Practice vs bots. Bots can make you develop bad habits, but they are there to help you get better at the game. Go into a custom game and try to win a 3v5 with intermediate bots. If you can do that, try to 1v5. You need to be decently good at the game to do this, because you will always be at a disadvantage. Preferably you want to get first tower so you have more gold, but mostly you just need to push your advantage as much as possibly. You learn to play the macro game this way. Bots are very predictable, they will group up in a lane and try to take that tower. So, if you can quickly push that lane before they get there, you can use the time when they are killing minions to possibly take one of their towers. You quickly learn to let them take certain towers because you can trade that tower for one of their towers. Additionally, bots tend to make the same mistakes all game. Karthus bot will stand still and try to Q you, so as long as you keep moving around in between Qs, you'll never be hit and be able to land skill shots on him pretty easily. That will help you learn to orb walk/animation cancel better. Veigar bot will always try to catch you with his E, so you can easily walk in his E range to bait his cage, wait for it to fade away, and then just all in him. This teaches you to take advantage of cooldown windows. Obviously in a real game the other players might be smarter than these bots, but they will give you the same opportunities. The enemy Blitzcrank will miss some Qs, so during that 12 seconds after he misses a Q, you need to be up there autoing him and getting damage down when he has no way to retaliate (so long as you don't walk right into his E range).