Let's start at bottom. Within bottom, let's start with why the two go to bottom. The two go to bottom instead of top because the dragon is in bottom. The support and RAD are going to offer more power than the single top laner could provide. The reason the two chosen to go bot are the RAD and support is because RADs are generally not self-sufficient. With few exceptions, they aren't very good alone mainly due to sustain and safety reasons. Even when they are able to hold their own, they get the support instead of the mage getting the support because mages need levels more than the RADs do.
Let's go to mid. The mage/assassin takes mid for a couple reasons. One is if they were to go top, they would be significantly more vulnerable to ganks. Generally, mages and assassins would not be safe in top. A second reason is they are generally the best at roaming and ganking. Being in mid means they can roam top or bottom, whereas bottom would not be feasible if they went top. A third reason is they generally aren't good into tanks.
The tank/TDPS takes top because they are generally much safer by themselves than anyone else mainly due to sustain, durability, and mobility. Top and bottom are inherently more vulnerable to ganks due to the shape and size of the lanes.
As I said many times, this is all general. Things can be switched up, but a very important thing to understand when doing so is why things are the way they are. If you're going to switch things up, it needs to be in a way that doesn't open the team up to the weaknesses that would otherwise be introduced. And if you're going to do it outside of a premade, you should get your team's permission/compliance before doing so.