My best suggestion:
Stop associating your status in this game with yourself as a person.
That sounds a little strange, so a bit better wording: Stop caring how well you do in this game.
It's going to be difficult, and it sounds impossible.
I remember when I first started playing this game, I wanted to be the best (Doesn’t everybody?), so every loss was a huge hit to my ego and my self esteem. I would feel bad when I lost because I thought my skill was degrading and there was nothing I could do.
All my friends were progressing steadily, and I had been stuck at Silver II for several months. I would get promoted to Silver I, go on a losing streak and flip out and fall back to Silver II very quickly.
It made me feel like I was the worst player in my playing group, and playing with me was a punishment for them. Which, obviously, just made me play worse.
I eventually quit the game because of how bad it made me feel when I lost. I was no longer having fun playing.
I didn’t play it for about 6 months. I recently came back and started playing again (albeit still scarcely due to traveling for work the last 4 months) and I found myself winning more often, having more fun and feeling like I was improving with each game. Losing didn’t bother me anymore.
So many people in this game go on tilt because they see the LP and ranking they worked so hard for evaporate with each loss. This creates a situation where they are reeling trying to gain those points back and, with them, their self-worth and self-confidence as well.
But, in reality, there are so many factors in this game that contribute to a win or a loss. Like you said, Ezreal got a lucky double kill on a countergank that contributed to your tilt. If that play had gone your way, you probably could have won that game. League of Legends is so snowball-y, a game can be lost by a lane that has nothing to do with you. You can feel like you’re playing terrible when it is actually someone else that was the contributing factor to that loss.
I had a game a few weeks ago where I was playing Volibear jungle versus Shaco Jungle. Now, my top lane was pushing like crazy and kept dying to Shaco. I tried to go up and help him, and did get us 2 kills on counter ganks. But I couldn’t be there all game, because my bot lane was struggling as well. So, ultimately, despite losing that game, I knew that the result was pretty much out of my control. When you have a top laner who doesn’t ward and pushes all day versus a shaco jungle (granted it was singed, so...), you’re going to have a bad time, especially when your bottom lane needs just as much help.
Some games are not controllable. It’s impossible to win every game. The important part of this game is playing, having a good time, feeling progress in each game you play and then winning. Once people stop basing their entire enjoyment on this game on winning, the community will greatly improve.
TL;DR
Learn to enjoy the ride, rather than basing 100% of your enjoyment on whether or not you win the game. Once you stop associating your self-worth and self-confidence on whether you win or not, you’ll be able to play the game without going on tilt and start truly playing the game as it is meant to be played; for fun.