First order of business. Just work on NOT dying. This is a crucial skill. If you can leave any game, win or lose, with 5 or less deaths, you are on the right track.
Note: You will always remember the bad more often than the good. The games you win are probably just as skewed in your favor as your losses are against you.
Start with laning phase: -Creep score: Be able to farm better than your opponent and you will be able to easily create a lead. For goals, try to have between 60-70 creeps at 10 mins as a starter goal. Eventually, you want to have 80+, but start smaller.
-Trading: Learn how to trade advantageously. Things like firing your skills at them right as they go for cs, or forcing fights in your minion wave. This bleeds a lot into learning your matchups and individual champion strengths, but the principles of when its good to trade are what you are after.
-Wave Management: Learn how to control the minion wave. Push, freeze, resets, etc.
-Backing: Learn how and when it is good to back. The goal should always be to have the lane where you want it, and to deny as much cs to your opponent as possible.
-Learn your Champion: Power spikes, advantages, disadvantages, builds, etc.
-Learn your Matchups: Learn which champions give your champion a hard time and then learn how to alleviate those problems as much as possible.
This much can get you to Gold 5. Not sure where you are at now, but there is a lot more to learn beyond just winning the lane. But its a great start. Hope that helps.