To improve the most you have to care less about perfection and be willing to accept when you simply cannot win. Sometimes it's hard to swallow that you've lost, and the inflated ego of most people is a large reason why they will drag a game on and on until the enemy forcefully ends. Being able to look past those moments when you're helpless is the first step in actually improving. Perhaps this doesn't make sense but look at it this way -- if you try your best down 6,000 gold (2 items) and can almost 1v1 your enemy laner, imagine what you would be capable of if you obtain that advantage next game?
It's hard to keep cool when losing. Other people on your team will hate you for feeding, and there really is nothing that you can do about it because the enemies are stronger than you are. The best thing you can do is analyze what got you in that situation to begin with. Here you clearly already recognize that you were overextended. Now look back at that game once more and think why you were overextended. Did you perhaps zone out and didn't think about what you were doing?
As a fellow top laner and someone who also enjoys playing Jungle, I'll let you in on a secret that can help you massively in games where you win 1v1 against the other Top. What you should do early, before the game starts, is figure out where the enemy Jungle is without wasting your ward. If you see the other team's Jungle is on your side of the map, ward his buff. This gives you a timer which can help you know when he will be on your side of the map again. If you check and he's not on your side of the map, wait a bit for the minions to reach lane as though you were leashing for your Jungle, then drop your ward after a few seconds and go to lane late. This potentially can work in your favor two different ways -- First, the enemy Jungle might be led to think your Jungler started Top if his team didn't obtain vision of him Bot. Second, you will now know that he will be top side sometime around level 2 or 3, and you will have vision of him when he does his buff.
All the little things add up to make a great player who they are. If you let your frustration get to you, it becomes more difficult to focus and see clearly where you are making mistakes. For example, if you are upset and constantly blaming your Jungler for not coming to gank for you when the enemy Jungle is there.. you might not ever check to realize that with vision of the enemy Jungle beforehand there was a chance that you could have 1v2'd and won.
I learned the game mostly through watching Best Riven NA and getting coached by Trick2g so a lot of my mistakes were easily noticeable right away in my early days of playing League. If you need some help though, recently from a post on the boards I've been made aware of a YouTube channel with some really great information on it that you may want to check out. He clearly explains things such as making trades in lane, good recall times, and other things that can help you be more successful in your matches. Below is the link to his channel if you are interested. Good luck, hopeful you will be able to relax a bit more in your future matches.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeGtVfZD9LVttCJzjIJLY1g